1.2. EXPLAINING ADJUSTMENT AFTER CARE BASED on resilience theoryIn recent years, rather than perpetuate convention by studying the negative factors that contribute to the risk behaviors and maladjust- ment found among care leavers, scholars began to focus on the im- portance of identifying and examining the drivers that help care leavers cope with the transition to adulthood and independence (see for ex- ample, Stein, 2006, 2008; Yates & Grey, 2012). Notably, the analysis of these factors from the perspective of resilience theory can promote the development of social interventions among at-risk youth.Indeed, resilience theory can be exploited to help identify and assess the principal determinants of coping behaviors among care leavers who are confronted with the challenges of emerging adulthood. Resilience is defined as the ability to adapt and to function well despite experiences of distress and adversity (Burt & Paysnick, 2012; Masten, 1994, 2004; Rutter, 1987). As such, people who show resilience can respond effectively to the crises or sources of distress in their lives and exhibit effective strategies for coping with these situations (Bandura, 1997; Kobasa, 1979; Wu et al., 2013). Whereas some researchers view resilience as a dynamic process that leads to positive results, others describe resilience according to people's behavior or achievements in the wake of traumatic experiences (Jacelon, 1997; Masten & Powell, 2003; O'Connor et al., 2016). Stein (2006) categorized care leavers into three groups defined by level of resilience. Care leavers classified with high resilience, which Stein called the “moving on” group, attained developmental achievements similar to those achieved by youth who were raised by their biological parents. In contrast, both of the other two groups – “survivors” and “victims” – had to negotiate a variety of ob- stacles as they attempted to adjust to independent life.Among the resources that can promote resilience among people who experienced situations of risk and distress are what researchers call pro- tective factors (Schoon, 2006). Rather than protecting people from risk or from the traumatic events themselves, protective factors facilitate coping during or after the traumatic event (Rutter, 1987; Werner, 1990). In the literature, protective factors are broadly divided into the three categories of personal resources, support from family, and support from significant others (Schoon, 2006). To promote resilience, however, it is not known whether all three types of protective factors are required in concert or whether the presence of elements from a single category is suffit. Tciheencurrent study explored this question by analyzing the stories of care leavers who were transitioning from military service to independent life. The following sec- tions provide descriptions of, and review the findings of previous research related to, the three types of protective factors.
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